{"id":7488,"date":"2018-02-16T12:25:37","date_gmt":"2018-02-16T11:25:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/game-csic.com?p=7488\/"},"modified":"2018-04-04T11:59:28","modified_gmt":"2018-04-04T10:59:28","slug":"blue-carbon-importance-and-dynamics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/game-csic.com\/eu\/blue-carbon-importance-and-dynamics\/","title":{"rendered":"Blue Carbon: importance and dynamics"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Menart, Oc\u00e9ane.<\/a> M.Sc. Student in Oceanography, Biology and Marine Ecology \u00a0(Marsella University)<\/span>
\nTolosa, Mariona.<\/a> Practicum Student. B.Sc in Environmental Sciences\u00a0(Girona University)<\/span><\/h4>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n
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Carbon dioxide is a gas that is part of the natural cycle of carbon through the biological processes of respiration, decomposition, erosion form the rocks, and volcanism. Blue carbon is a term that refers to the organic carbon captured and stored for long periods of time (fundamentally, buried) by marine ecosystems. This concept has triggered the development of different research lines in recent years over the last decade. Its importance lies in the process of carbon seuqestration and burial by coastal ecosystems dominated by vascular plants, and the positive consequences implications of this phenomenon that are obtained from this process at in controlling the excess of atmospheric CO2<\/sub> globally.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Within blue carbon sequestrated by the sea, more than half occurs in coastal ecosystems such as marshes, seagrass, mangroves and estuaries (Nelleman<\/span>\u00a0et al., 2009). <\/span>On the one hand, at the ecological level, we have that <\/span>forest of marine angiosperm <\/span>form biodiversity refuges for other species (Serrano et al., 2017) <\/span>at the same time that with their rhizomes they avoid or slow down the soil erosion processes<\/span>. On the other hand, these <\/span>forests <\/span>also capture atmospheric CO<\/span>2<\/span><\/sub> with photosynthesis, where carbon is stored in the form of biomass <\/span>and necromass<\/span> (Mazarrasa\u00a0<\/span>e<\/span>t al., 2015) or <\/span>drived to the sediments as oxygen is released into the <\/span>environment.<\/span> This function represents <\/span>a significant contribution<\/span> the mitigation of climate change because it contributes to the reduction of atmospheric CO<\/span>2<\/span><\/sub>, a gas that contributes global warming (L\u00f3pez-Merino et\u00a0 2017).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Graphic 1. Mean carbon storage above and belowground in coastal ecosystems versus terrestrial forest. Searched at http: \/\/thebluecarboninitiative.org\/blue-carbon\/ on 13-02-2017.<\/span><\/p>\n

That is the reason why conservation is of great importance. Some of these habitats are in danger of degradation, that would involve the release of carbon they store and that coupled with oxygen, would provide high levels of CO<\/span>2<\/span><\/sub> that would return to the atmosphere (Lovelock e<\/span>t <\/span>al., 2017; Rozaimi et al., 2016).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

T<\/span>his article focuses in seagrasses. <\/span>Seagrasses are flowering plants that grow in marine and estuarine areas. They are common in intertidal and shallow waters to depths of about 20 m. where there is sufficient light for them to grow. Seagrass<\/span>es<\/span> meadows are primary producers growing on light, nutrients, water and CO<\/span>2<\/span><\/sub>. With this process, they transform matter from inorganic into organic, acquire the energy the need to function and release O<\/span>2<\/span><\/sub> in the environment. Seagrasses are found <\/span>w<\/span>orld wide with the exception of polar and sub-polar areas or near the influence of the plume of large rivers. Tropical but mostly temperate environments, are preferential for seagrasses, of which the Mediterranean Sea, the Australian coasts and the Gulf of Mexico are can be considered hotspots. The <\/span>dominant <\/span>species in the Mediterranean Sea is the endemic <\/span>Posidonia oceanica<\/i><\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

P. oceanica<\/i><\/span><\/span> has rhizomes that can grow vertically or horizontally. Leaves are organized as a shoot of about 8 and can exceed 1m of length. <\/span><\/span>P. oceanica<\/i><\/span><\/span> also has roots (that can be at least 70 cm <\/span><\/span>long<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/span>,<\/span><\/span> flowers and seeds, and a vascular system. The shoot density of the meadow can exceed 1000\/m\u00b2 near the surface and typically decreases with depth <\/span><\/span>(less than <\/span><\/span>100\/m\u00b2<\/span><\/span>)<\/span><\/span> as light becomes scarcer. They grow up to 40 m deep depending on water\u2019s transparency, usually on soft substrate and more rarely on rock. Reproduction in this species is typically vegetative, with occasional episodes of sexual reproduction by flowering. They provide several ecosystem services, including the sequestration and storage of carbon as organic matter. Some of this organic carbon (C<\/span><\/span>org<\/span><\/sub><\/span>) is contained in the living plants, but the majority is buried in the soils underneath the meadows. Seagrasses <\/span><\/span>occupy<\/span><\/span> less than 1 % of the ocean\u2019s surface but sequester 27.4 Tg of carbon (in the form of organic carbon<\/span><\/span>) <\/span><\/span>per year, namely 10 % of ocean\u2019s sequestration in sediments (Campbell et al., 2014). Carbon is maintained for hundreds to thousands of years in the soil under the seagrass, representing a very effective carbon sink. Canopy structure, water turbidity, depth of growth, sediment properties, species specificities, among other features, will affect the carbon sequestration capacity of seagrasses:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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    Depth:<\/b><\/span> organic carbon stocks and fluxes change <\/span>with depth<\/span>. <\/span>T<\/span>he stock is maximum in the top 50 cm of sediment and declines with depth in the sediment.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    Species:<\/b><\/span> P<\/i><\/span>. oceanica<\/i><\/span> can accumulate a large amount of carbon (Lavery <\/span>et <\/span>al., 2013) forming and intricate structure called mat or matte that can be up to several meters thick and persist several thousand years. <\/span>P. oceanica<\/i><\/span> accumulates more carbon than other species of the <\/span>Posidonia<\/i><\/span> genus (O. Serrano et al., 2014).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    Filter of particles:<\/b><\/span> the capacity of seagrasses to store carbon is due to primary production and their ability to retain particles from the water column. Seagrasses canopy can reduce the speed of the water which facilitates the precipitation of particulate matter in the sediments (Fourqurean et <\/span>a<\/span>l., 2012; Greiner et <\/span>a<\/span>l., 2013).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    Landscape structure: <\/b><\/span>Continuous meadows have been found to capture more carbon than patchy meadows (Ricart et <\/span>a<\/span>l., 2017), as a consequence of a larger canopy.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    Eutrophication<\/b><\/span> entails a decrease of light penetration in the water and hence a reduction in the photosynthetic activity, ultimately leading to a decline in the carbon capture capacity (Serrano et <\/span>al., <\/span>2014).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    Reforestation and afforestation: <\/b><\/span>can restore the carbon sequestration capacity of seagrass beds, but it is a very expensive and inefficient procedure with a very limited success worldwide. So conservation of extant meadows and of the large carbon stocks accumulated within their sediments should be the priority targets for coastal manager<\/span>s.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    Human activities<\/b><\/span> in the coastal zone (pollution, mechanical destruction of the habitat) are reducing the extension of seagrasses worldwide and, as a consequence, part of the stored carbon is being released back to the atmosphere. The global seagrass loss rate has been estimated at 7 % per year since the 1980s (Waycott et al., 2009). These systems are also vulnerable to climate change and sea level rise, as well as to pressures associated with coastal development. There are several natural and anthropogenic factors that can influence the fluxes of C<\/span>org<\/span><\/sub> in seagrass ecosystems. The influencing factors have been divided into physical, biological and chemical categories (Kelleway et al., 2017).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

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    In fact, when coastal habitats are degraded or transformed into another landscape, the carbon contained in the sediment is destabilized or exposed to oxygen, which results in an increase in the microbiological activity releasing carbon into the atmosphere or into the water column. It is estimated that the degradation of the coastal <\/span><\/span><\/span>environment results in a release to the atmosphere of 0.15-1.02 (billion tonnes Pg) of CO<\/span><\/span><\/span>2<\/span><\/sub> per year (Pendleton et al., 2012). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Seagrasses meadows can have a significant role in contributing to the regulation of the atmospheric concentration of CO<\/span>2 <\/span><\/sub>which comes mainly from human activities.The need of the implementation of management measures to preserve seagrasses ecosystems is obvious. It is clear that policies encouraging the sustainable management of coastal ecosystems could significantly reduce carbon emissions from the land-use change component, as well as to sustaining the many other well-recognized ecosystem services provided by coastal habitats.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    REFERENCES<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Gillis, L. G., Belshe, E. F., & Narayan, G. R.<\/span> Deforested Mangroves Affect the Potential for Carbon Linkages between Connected Ecosystems. <\/span><\/em>Estuaries and Coasts, 40(4), 1207\u20131213 (2017).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Kelleway, J., Serrano, O., Baldock, J., Cannard, T., Lavery, P., Lovelock, C. E.,Macreadie, P., Masqu\u00e9, P., Saintilan, N., Steven, A.D.L. <\/span>Technical review of opportunities for including blue carbon in the Australian Government\u2019s Emissions Reduction Fund, (October)<\/span><\/em>, 295 (2017).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    L\u00f3pez-Merino, L., Col\u00e1s-Ruiz, N.R., Adame, M.P, Adame, M.P, Serrano, O., Martinez Cortizas, A., Mateo, M.A. <\/span>A six thousand year record of climate and land-use change from Mediterranean seagrass mats.<\/span><\/em> Journal of Ecology, 105, 1267\u20131278 (2017).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Lovelock, C.E., Steven, A., Atwood, T.B., Baldock, J., Duarte, C.M., Hickey, S., Lavery, P.S., Masqu\u00e9, P., Macreadie, P.I., Ricart, AM., Serrano, O. <\/span>Assessing the risk of carbon dioxide emissions from blue carbon ecosystems.<\/span><\/em> Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 15 (5), 257\u2013265 (2017).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Macreadie, P.I., Connolly, R.M., Duarte, C.M., Lavery, P.S., Steven, A., Lovelock, C.E., Ollivier, Q., Kelleway, J.J., Serrano, O., Carnell, P.E., Lewis, C. J. E., Atwood, T.B., Sanderman, J., Baldock, J. <\/span>Carbon sequestration by Australian tidal marshes.<\/span><\/em> Scientific Reports, 7, 44071 (2017).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Ricart, A. M., P\u00e9rez, M., & Romero, J. <\/span>Landscape configuration modulates carbon storage in seagrass sediments. <\/span><\/em>Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 185, 69\u201376 <\/span>(2017)<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Scartazza, A., Moscatello, S., Gavrichkova, O., Buia, M. C., Lauteri, M., Battistelli, A., Brugnoli, E. <\/span>oCarbon and nitrogen allocation strategy in Posidonia oceanica is altered by seawater acidification<\/em>.<\/span> Science of the Total Environment, 607\u2013608, 954\u2013964 <\/span>(2017)<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Serrano O, Serrano E, Inostroza K, Lavery PS, Mateo MA and Ballesteros E. <\/span>Seagrass Meadows Provide 3D Habitat for Reef Fish.<\/span><\/em> Front. Mar. Sci. 4:54 <\/span>(2017).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Rozaimi M., Lavery, P.S., Serrano, O., Kyrwood, D. <\/span>Long-term carbon storage and its recent loss in an estuarine Posidonia australis meadow (Albany, Western Australia). <\/span><\/em>Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 171, 58 \u2013 65 (2016).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Mazarrasa, I., Steven, A.D.L., Duarte, C.M., Marb\u00e0, N., Lovelock, C.E., Serrano, O., Lavery, P.S., Fourqurean, J.W., Kennedy, H., Mateo, M.A., Krause-Jensen, D. <\/span>Seagrass meadows as a globally significant carbonate reservoir.<\/span><\/em> Biogeosciences, 12, 4993\u20135003 (2015).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Campbell, J. E., Lacey, E. A., Decker, R. A., Crooks, S., & Fourqurean, J. W. <\/span>Carbon Storage in Seagrass Beds of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. <\/span><\/em>Estuaries and Coasts, 38(1), 242\u2013251 (2014).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Serrano, O., Lavery, P. S., Rozaimi, M., & Mateo, M. A. <\/span>I<\/span>nfluence of water depth on the carbon sequestration capacity of seagrass. <\/span><\/em>Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 28(9), 950\u2013961 <\/span>(2014)<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Greiner, J. T., McGlathery, K. J., Gunnell, J., & McKee, B. A. <\/span>Seagrass Restoration Enhances \u201cBlue Carbon\u201d Sequestration in Coastal Waters. <\/span><\/em>PLoS ONE, 8(8), 1\u20138 (2013).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Lavery, P. S., Mateo, M.-\u00c1., Serrano, O., & Rozaimi, M.<\/span> Variability in the carbon storage of seagrass habitats and its implications for global estimates of blue carbon ecosystem service. <\/span><\/em>PloS One, 8(9), e73748 (2013).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    James W. Fourqurean, Carlos M. Duarte, Hilary Kennedy, N\u00faria Marb\u00e0, Marianne Holmer, Miguel Angel Mateo, Eugenia T. Apostolaki, Gary A. Kendrick, Dorte Krause-Jensen, Karen J. McGlathery, Oscar Serrano. <\/span>Seagrass ecosystems as a globally significant carbon stock<\/span><\/em>.<\/em> Nature Geoscience, 5(7), 505\u2013509 (2012).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Pergent, G., Bazairi, H., Boudouresque, C. F., Buia, M. C., Clabaut, P., Harmelin-Vivien, M., Verlaque, M. <\/span>Mediterranean Seagrass Meadows\u202f: Las praderas de Magnoliofitas marinas del mar Mediterr\u00e1neo: resiliencia y contribuci\u00f3n a la mitigaci\u00f3n del cambio clim\u00e1tico.<\/span><\/em> Resumen \/ Mediterranean Seagrass Meadows\u202f: Resilience and Contribution to Climate Change Mitigati <\/span>(2012)<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Lejeusne, C., Chevaldonn\u00e9, P., Pergent-Martini, C., Boudouresque, C. F., & P\u00e9rez, T. <\/span>Climate change effects on a miniature ocean: the highly diverse, highly impacted Mediterranean Sea. <\/span><\/em>Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 25(4), 250\u2013260 (2010).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    C. Nellemann, E. Corcoran, C.M. Duarte, L.Vald\u00e9s, C. De Young, L. Fonseca, G.Grimsditch (Eds.). <\/span>Blue Carbon.<\/span><\/em> A Rapid Response Assessment, United Nations Environment Programme, GRID-Arendal (2009).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Waycott, M., Duarte, C. M., Carruthers, T. J. B., Orth, R. J., Dennison, W. C., Olyarnik, S., Williams, S. L. <\/span>Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems.<\/span><\/em> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(30), 12377\u201312381 <\/span>(2009)<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

    <\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Menart, Oc\u00e9ane. M.Sc. Student in Oceanography, Biology and Marine Ecology \u00a0(Marsella University) Tolosa, Mariona. Practicum Student. B.Sc in Environmental Sciences\u00a0(Girona University) Carbon dioxide is a gas that is part of the natural cycle of carbon through the biological processes of respiration, decomposition, erosion form the rocks, and volcanism. Blue carbon is a term that refers…","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":5666,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[105],"tags":[],"post_series":[],"class_list":["post-7488","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","entry","has-media"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/game-csic.com\/eu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7488","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/game-csic.com\/eu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/game-csic.com\/eu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/game-csic.com\/eu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/game-csic.com\/eu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7488"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/game-csic.com\/eu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7488\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7662,"href":"https:\/\/game-csic.com\/eu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7488\/revisions\/7662"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/game-csic.com\/eu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5666"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/game-csic.com\/eu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7488"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/game-csic.com\/eu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7488"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/game-csic.com\/eu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7488"},{"taxonomy":"post_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/game-csic.com\/eu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/post_series?post=7488"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}